Research Methodology for Communication and Technology Business

Question: Talk about theResearch Methodology for Communication and Technology Business. Answer: Presentation: Web based life and systems administration is on one of the significant piece of the life of the individuals. Furthermore, therefore organizations are utilizing this system for advertising their items and speaking with the clients. It is the consequence of mechanical progression in the correspondence and innovation business. It has been broke down that internet based life systems administration and correspondence is utilized by the organizations and this gives them a portion of the advantages just as the burdens (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010).This is the exploration report that talks about the examination plan that has been utilized to lead the exploration over the subject. Undertaking Objective: Goals of the examination talks about the principle topic of the exploration around which the exploration or the investigation revolves.as far as this case is thought of, the examination manages web based life systems administration and its advantages and detriments to the business. The investigation gives the data about the web-based social networking commitment of the associations alongside the advantages and the impediments of the utilization of web-based social networking organizing in the business capacities: Venture Scope: The extent of the examination manages breaking down the advantages and impediments related with utilizing internet based life organizing in business capacities. This examination gives the future analysts about the possibility of the capacities where the online life organizing is utilized by the organizations (Smith Zook, 2011). The organizations can take better measures to maintain a strategic distance from the weaknesses. It likewise helps in picking up information in regards to the business utilization of interpersonal interaction so it very well may be fused in the majority of the organizations that are connected with inexpensive food industry. Writing Review: To the extent the writing audit that has been talked about is thought of, it has been examined that the writing gives different parts of person to person communication. The writing for the most part discusses the organization called McDonalds as the case with the goal that the advantages and favorable circumstances of the long range interpersonal communication in various capacities can without much of a stretch be comprehended (Leonardi, Huysman Steinfield, 2013). Numerous specialists have recommended that innovation is a piece of the life of the individuals just as of the organizations. The fundamental capacity that requires mechanical headway is correspondence of organizations with the clients just as among one another. It has been contended in the writing cap web based life is the instrument that permit the organizations to benefit such a large amount of offices, for example, association with the individuals, imparting the data, posting the das, sharing information and so forth th e apparatus of long range interpersonal communication has changes or modified the entire scene of business correspondence nowadays (Rennie Morrison, 2013).E. It permit the organizations to have two way correspondence with the end goal that the organizations post their data the online entries and the clients give their survey on that data in this way finishes the correspondence between the organization and the clients. There are different advantages that the organization appreciates in light of person to person communication use in its capacities, for example, more clients fascination, more market nearness, better correspondence and so forth the instance of McDonalds propose that the organization utilizes long range interpersonal communication to an extraordinary expand its capacities. The significant utilization of interpersonal interaction destinations are in correspondence capacity of the business. McDonalds is likewise utilizing the web based life apparatuses as the publicizing m edium and in this way increasing numerous advantages out of it (Gronum, Verreynne Kastelle, 2012). To the extent the opposite side of utilization of web based life is thought of, it has been examined that there are various drawbacks too that the organizations are encountering a direct result of the utilization of web based life in their capacities. This is on the grounds that a portion of the battles by McDonalds have bombed when the organization has neglected to focus on the crowd with better methodologies of social showcasing. It has been broke down that any off-base advance via web-based networking media by the organization can influence the picture of the gravely. McDonalds has confronted such issues however has prevailing with regards to picking up its image name once more. Different impediments that have been examined by various specialists are the assets or the specialized aptitudes required by the workers (Gensler, Vlckner, Liu-Thompkins Wiertz, 2013). It is required by the organizations to recruit the assets having a specific sort of aptitudes with the goal that they can deal with the exercises of online networking organizing in the capacities. There are a few issues that have been found on which the examination is required. The writing or the examination doesn't give the advantages and disservices into various ventures. Exploration Questions/Hypothesis: There are a few inquiries that should be replied and in this manner the examination should be directed by executing the accompanying technique. A portion of the exploration question for this examination is: Essential inquiries: How web based life sway on the working of the organization? Optional Questions What are the upsides of utilizing internet based life? What are the disservices of utilizing online life? Examination Design and Methodology Subjective examination: Subjective examination is the exploration that should be led so as to pick up the information about the perspectives and the sentiments with respect to the point. It is the exploratory examination that learns about the purposes for the subject. Procedure: Assurance of exploration question Contemplating the writing audit Creating the theory Information assortment Information examination Assessment Results Dependability and legitimacy: As a far distance as the subjective examination is concerned, it has been dissected that these analysts are not that solid since it doesn't include and figures of information to legitimize. It might have more prominent legitimacy as the impression of the example is taken so as to lead the exploration. Dependability of the exploration can be upgraded by taking the information from the solid sources, for example, from the organizations that are utilizing the internet based life organizing as instrument. Inspecting and test size: The examining strategy that has been utilized in this exploration is separated testing in which an organization from 4 of the enterprises are chosen and from each organization 50 representatives are chosen to lead the examination. Along these lines, the absolute examining size is 400. Information assortment: as the information should be gathered from the workers from various organizations so it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to direct meetings and in this way it is required to fill the surveys sent through email (Edmonds Kennedy, 2016). Information investigation: the information has been broke down by understanding the connection between the business and the advantages and weaknesses. Variable particulars: there are two sorts of factors in the examination, the first is the needy variable that is points of interest and impediments of web based life and the autonomous variable in the exploration is the kind of industry, this is on the grounds that the kind of industry influences the advantages that the business or the organization can pick up as a result of web-based social networking use. Quantitative exploration: Quantitative exploration is the examination that manages figures and information. The investigation brings about evaluating the issues examined and to produce the numerical information to take ait the outcome from the examination. It doesn't search for the reasons yet measure the components, for example, sentiments, demeanor, observation and so on. Procedure: Both the sort of investigates that is subjective and quantitative follows a similar fundamental strides so as to direct the examination. It has been dissected that the examination includes following advances: Assurance of the theory Structuring of the exploration Select the example Information assortment Investigation of information Assessment of the information Finish of the examination Examination instruments: Exploration instruments remember the strategies for which the information is being gathered by the specialists. The instrument that includes in this exploration is survey. The poll has some shut and some open inquiries that decides about the various perspectives. The perception technique has likewise been utilized to see that information from the reports of the organization that gives the thought regarding the expansion in deals as a result of internet based life. Information examination process: Information has been dissected by procedure of relationship examination. The examination of the information is finished by making the relationship diagram between the advantages of the web based life and the effect of the business on the equivalent. The chart of various businesses have been made together with the goal that reliance of industry can be investigated the advantages or the disservices accomplished in the organization. Examining and test size: the extent that the inspecting procedure is thought of, it has been investigated that like the subjective examination, delineated testing is increase utilized in this exploration also (Kirson, et al. 2013). This aides in including various organizations with various enterprises and furthermore the representatives from every one of the chose organization. There are four ventures or the organizations that have been chosen and 50 representatives from each organization are chosen. The all out example size is 200 representatives. Unwavering quality and legitimacy: the exploration that has been led by quantitative strategy r more dependable than the subjective techniques. This is on the grounds that the examination of quantitative strategies incorporates figures that are more dependable than the hypothetical ideas. Exploration Limitations: This is the piece of the exploration recommendation that incorporates the restrictions of the examination (Ngai, Tao Moon, 2015). It has been broke down from the above examination that it does exclude all the enterprises. In this way the outcome that has been finished up from the investigation can't be inferred on any of the business. It has been seen that industry is free factor that has its effect on the advantages and the inconveniences experienced by the organization from online life use along these lines the outcomes that are being finished up might be industry explicit and it can't be accepted for any of the indust

Epic Of Gilgamesh (742 words) Essay Example For Students

Epic Of Gilgamesh (742 words) Essay Epic Of GilgameshEssay over The Epic of Gilgamesh The primary character in the book The Epic of Gilgamesh will be Gilgamesh himself. In the start of the book one understands that Gilgamesh is a presumptuous individual. Gilgamesh is brimming with himself and misuses his privileges as lord. He has sex with the virgins of his town and goes about as if he is a divine being. Albeit a few perusers of this great book may state that Gilgamesh doesn't transform from the earliest starting point of the book, it can without much of a stretch be deciphered the other way. All through the book, numerous things cause Gilgamesh to change. He increases a companion, he becomes well known by executing Humbaba, and he attempts to become eternal in light of the demise of Enkidu. Through these principle activities his character changes and he improves as an individual. To start with, the journey for everlasting status after the passing of Enkidu shows that Gilgamesh has changed. Gilgamesh becomes scared when he understands that he isnt eternal. After the demise of Enkidu, Gilgamesh attempts to discover everlasting status by attempting to cross the sea to discover it. He sounds pitiable as he meanders aimlessly of his purpose behind attempting to discover everlasting life. His condition of being at this part in the book, which is the end, is totally not the same as his haughty start of this epic. Gilgamesh has gone from presumptuous to terrified. Second, the passing of Humbaba changes Gilgamesh. Humbaba is insidious. Numerous individuals who live in the city of Uruk dread Gilgamesh. Most would state that Gilgamesh himself is, truth be told, fiendish. He engages in sexual relations with the virgins, he does what he needs, and he will in general affront the divine beings. He has loads of issues with Ishtar. By going into the timberland and confronting Humbaba, Gilgamesh becomes well known and changes the perspectives on the individuals in his city. This is an entirely questionable point. Indeed, the past of Gilgamesh doesn't change, however the incredible deed of murdering Humbaba, makes him a superior individual since he secures his city. This is another questionable point. Most would state he does this just to become well known, yet that isn't the situation. Gilgamesh does this on account of his adoration for Enkidu and his kin; he has transformed from the earliest starting point of the epic. At last and above all, the principle reason that Gilgamesh changes from the earliest starting point of the book is the fellowship that he has with Enkidu. Enkidu is made to make Gilgamesh progressively human. In the primary section of the book the divine beings are irate with Gilgamesh and send down an equivalent of himself, they send down Enkidu. In the wake of turning out to be companions, Gilgamesh changes since he has an equivalent to be with. Enkidu and Gilgamesh become as close as siblings. Along these lines, an entirely questionable point comes up. Were Enkidu and Gilgamesh sweethearts? The appropriate response is clearly yes. What focuses in the book show this? They rest clasping hands, Gilgamesh cherishes Enkidu like a lady, and Gilgamesh goes practically crazy after the demise of Enkidu. The purpose of Enkidu being an admirer of Gilgamesh is significant. It permits the peruser to comprehend the thinking of Gilgamesh evolving. There are no adjustments in Gilgamesh as an individual until Enkidu enters the image. Clearly he is the explanation behind every inevitable change in the character and masculinity of Gilgamesh. In the event that the conviction and comprehension of Gilgamesh and Enkidu being substantially more than old buddies is available, at that point the comprehension of why Gilgamesh changes in the book is likewise present. On the off chance that Gilgamesh is only companions with Enkidu some change is conceivable, yet not practically all out review as Gilgamesh does in the book. Individuals change more if there is sex included and there is a profound relationship. .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 , .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 .postImageUrl , .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 , .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4:hover , .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4:visited , .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4:active { border:0!important; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4:active , .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4:hover { haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: r elative; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a9 4f4b6c3057c4 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u93dd287300ff6587b4a94f4b6c3057c4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Essay about Othello, By William Shakespeare Essay In request to fulfill Enkidu, Gilgamesh needs to change, and he does, all through their relationship. All things considered, albeit a few people would state that Gilgamesh doesn't transform from the earliest starting point of the book The Epic of Gilgamesh, the better comprehension of the book uncovers that, actually, Gilgamesh changes from the earliest starting point of the book as far as possible. The character of Gilgamesh changes for three unmistakable reasons. To begin with, Gilgamesh changes in the book due to his voracious want for everlasting status after the demise of Enkidu. Gilgamesh needs interminability after the passing of Enkidu. Second, Gilgamesh changes in the book as a result of the passing of Humbaba. The demise of Humbaba showEnglish Essays

Siddhartha Overcoming Misfortunes Of The Past Essay Example For Students

Siddhartha: Overcoming Misfortunes Of The Past Essay Siddhartha: Overcoming Misfortunes Of The Past Essay On page 132 we read Everything that was not endured as far as possible and at last finished up, repeated, and similar distresses were experienced. What does this mean with respect to Siddhartha and some other of the characters in Hesses story? Do you concur with this announcement? Clarify. This statement is taken from the setting of when Siddhartha is crossing the waterway and he sees his appearance and it would appear that his dad. This statement alludes to a rehashing of occasions. It is shown by Brahmin being isolated from Siddhartha and Siddhartha being isolated from his own child. This equals the quote in three different ways. Taken actually it recognizes the dad like-child angle of the circumstance. It very well may be taken as a representation for the unlimited quality of time as well. Taken outside of any relevant connection to the subject at hand, this statement recognizes that anything that isn't finished or totally worked will proceed to exist and it will rehash itself. Siddhartha left his dad, Brahmin, at a youthful age to join the religious zealots. Siddhartha is presently considering the torment his dad more likely than not experienced not seeing his child once more. Siddharthas child, as well, was isolated from his dad. Without managing this circumstance, the separation among father and child would never be accommodated. In this manner the circumstance Siddhartha had with Brahmin would be rehashed. The statement can likewise be deciphered as a representation for time. Self-evident repeats can be noted in time, recommending that time rehashes itself. of a waterway, another image can be utilized for time, maybe a pool. As indicated by this statement, things rehash themselves in time. In a pool objects skim around until they at long last advance toward the outlet. Occasions whirling around in time without compromise are caught until they are managed. The whole pool makes up all that time is. All the encounters and musings of past, present, what's more, future that have not been excused all add to the entire of time. In the event that the statement remained solitary, without the setting of Siddharthas reflections on his dad and his child, it would express that anything that isnt completed through finish would everlastingly hang in the haze of time. Each thing that has not endured as far as possible If something isn't carried on to consummation, it will rehash itself until the activity is taken to complete it. .. .repeated, and similar distresses were experienced. I can relate to this quote in light of the fact that at time I am inclined to over committal. I will commit myself to as well numerous things and I can't genuinely finish them all. Accordingly there is consistently a shadow of pressure and deficiency hanging over my head. This statement is particularly compelling in light of the fact that it manages the distresses that are to be suffered until consummation is pushed through. In synopsis, I accept that the statement is a rousing component for Siddhartha to defeat the inadequate setbacks of his past. When the undealt with issues of his past are managed, he can focus on living in the presently and not being constrained by his past. Siddhartha understood that he should move forward in time, perceiving his past just as contributing components to what he may be. Siddharthas being includes something other than his encounters yet in addition how he is arranged to manage future circumstances. .

Email Lessons from Spanish.About.Com

Email Lessons from Spanish.About.Com Need a suggestion to become familiar with a little Spanish every day? Is it true that you are searching for some snappy exercises, or an arbitrary inspecting of what Spanish brings to the table? Provided that this is true, one of our email courses might be what youre searching for. Every one of our email courses highlights valuable data just as connections to exercises as well as jargon pages on the site. Heres what we offer: : This is our most well known email course. Every day you will get another jargon word alongside its definition and a case of its utilization in a sentence. The majority of the jargon is at a middle or propelled level, albeit even novices can profit by perceiving how these words are utilized in the example sentences. Every day by day portion additionally has connections to an exercise on jargon or language. : If youre shiny new to learning Spanish, this is the email course for you. We utilize for the most part fundamental words, and we keep the example sentences direct with the goal that you can all the more likely perceive how the words are being utilized. When you finish this course, youll be prepared for the normal Word of the Day. : Just what its title infers, the small scale course includes connections to exercises in essential Spanish. By contemplating a couple of exercises every day, the starting understudy will have an information on the fundamental ideas of Spanish syntax just as get familiar with probably the most basic expressions of the language. : Each day you get a Spanish maxim, saying or citation alongside its interpretation in English the next day. This arrangement of smaller than usual exercises keeps going around a half year.

This is a COMPANY LAW AND CAPITALISM (LLB) problem question; the Essay

This is a COMPANY LAW AND CAPITALISM (LLB) issue question; the inquiry is on the task models field of this application structure beneath - Essay Example furthermore, Boris are the official Directors of the Company, however from the point of view of responsibility for, it might be noticed that Clarke Bros has a more noteworthy possession stake, since they own 5% of the offers while Boris and Amber own 2% each. Berle and Means call attention to that with the developing size of enterprises, proprietorship and the board have been separated1 anyway organizations are presently so commanded by executives that their investors might be denied a successful state in the choices of the Company. Equity Plowman on account of Parke v Daily News Ltd2 held that the essential obligation of the executives of an organization is to their investors, supplanting their obligation to their representatives. In the execution of his obligations, it is unavoidable that a Director will confront an irreconcilable situation, yet he is required to act naturally controlled by a solid code of morals in his dealings. The Executive Director is the key operator of the Company however under the law, has been held to be dependent upon similar gauges of faithfulness and great confidence in his obligations as that normal from trustees3 and in this manner has a guardian obligation to the shareholders4. In any case, the elements of executives started as an adaptable idea in the courts in the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years. For instance on account of executives in Turquand v Marshall, the Court held that it â€Å"could not meddle with the watchfulness practiced by them†.5 For the situation of Re Dunham and Co, the Court saw that the chief has been as blameworthy of â€Å"considerable negligence† yet held that he had not penetrated his obligation of tirelessness and care.6 However the obligation of expertise of a Director was best spread out by Romer J in the Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd7 where he expressed that while a Director was relied upon to practice a specific degree of aptitude and constancy that a customary sensible man would apply in light of the current situation, this didn't imply that he was required to exhibit a degree of ability that was not comparable with his experience. Also, a

Events Galore COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Events Galore COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Below is some evidence of the choices that SIPA students must sometimes make when it comes to how to spend their time.   There always seems to be something going on at SIPA or on our campus that would be interesting to attend. ____________________ Monday, November 29, 2010 Gender-Based Violence in the Congo 6:30 pm 8:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Gender Policy Panel Discussion with Dr. Les Roberts, Professor of Epidemiology at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; Paula Donovan, Co-Founder of AIDS-Free World; Dr. Susan Bartels, Co-Head of the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative; and Lisa Jackson, Writer and Director of the film The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo. Debate: Nuclear Energy and Climate Change 7:00 pm 9:00 pm Columbia Law School, Jerome Greene Hall, Room 106 Earth Institute Debate with Robert Alvarez, Senior Scholar, Institute for Policy Studies, former Senior Policy Advisor to the Secretary of Energy; Peter Bradford, Adjunct Professor, Vermont Law School, former Commissioner, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, former Chair, New York and Maine utility regulatory commissions; Barton Cowan, Visiting Professor, West Virginia University College of Law, of counsel, Eckert Seamans Cherin Mellott, LLC; Susan Eisenhower, Member, Blue Ribbon Commission for Americas Nuclear Future, Chair Emeritus, Eisenhower Institute; Michael Gerrard, Andrew Sabin Professor of Professional Practice, Director, Columbia Center for Climate Change Law Tuesday, November 30, 2010 Kazakhstans Refugee Crisis: Violence, Hunger and the Transformation of Broader Central Asia, 1930-1933 12:00 am 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Lecture with Sarah Cameron , Post-Doctoral Fellow, Yale University Japan Circa 1959 The High-Growth Economy and the Social Effects of Television 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 918 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture with Yoshikuni Igarashi, Associate Professor of History, Vanderbilt University Kazakhstans Refugee Crisis: Violence, Hunger and the Transformation of Broader Central Asia, 1930-1933 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building Harriman Institute Lecture with Sarah Cameron, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Yale DevInfo Training 1:00 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 407 New Media Task Force Workshop with Christina J. Irene, a representative from the joint UNICEF/DevInfo programme, along with the Fall 2010 DevInfo Interns, will present an introduction to the DevInfo data management system. Brown Bag with Amb. Paul R. Seger, Permanent Repepresentative of Switzerland to the UN 1:00 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 802 International Organization Specialization Brown Bag Lecture with Ambassador Paul R. Seger, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the United Nations How Not to Help 6:30 pm 8:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 707 Institute for the Study of Human Rights Discussion with Kate Cronin-Furman and Amanda Taub from Wronging Rights. Wednesday, December 1, 2010 Lake Baikal, Siberia: Will Industrial Development Destroy the Worlds Largest, Cleanest Lake? 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Lecture Czech Foreign Policy After the Fall of Communism 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1512 Harriman Institute Lecture with Jiri Paroubek Perspectives on Political and Economic Dynamism in Northeast Asia- Challenges of China and North Korea 12:00 pm 1:30 pm Columbia Univerity Morningside Campus International Affairs Building, Room 918 Center for Korean Research Lecture with Ambassador Young-Mok Kim,Consul General of Republic of Korea to New York. No registration is required. Leaders in Global Energy: Dr. Fatih Birol: Critical Factors Shaping the Future Global Energy Landscape 2:00 pm 3:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 School of International and Public Affairs and Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy Lecture with Dr. Fatih Birol, Chief Economist, International Energy Agency Register Tolerance Without Liberalism: Conflict and Coexistence in Twentieth-Century Indonesia 4:00 pm 6:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 801 Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion Lecture with CDTR Visiting Fellow, Jeremy Menchik My Perestroika 8:00 pm 10:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 417 Harriman Institute Film Screening and Discussion with Robin Hessman. To reserve tickets in advance please follow the link: www.ovationtix.com/trs/pe/8563295. Tickets will also be available at the box office in the Lerner Hall Lobby the day of the show. Concert Series: Italian Harpsichord Music with Andrew Appel 8:00 pm 9:30 pm The Italian Academy at Columbia, 1161 Amsterdam Avenue The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University Concert Series with harpsichordist Andrew Appel, violinist Krista Bennion Feeney, and cellist Loretta O’Sullivan, performing the music of Boccherini, Cimarosa, and Clementi Thursday, December 2, 2010 A Conversation with Adolfo Carrion, Regional Director of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 12:00 pm- 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Urban and Social Policy Concentration Conversation with Adolfo Carrion, Regional Director of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Register Migrations of Jewish-Hungarian Professionals through Germany to the United States, 1919-1945 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 East Central European Center Discussion with Professor Tibor Frank, Eötvös Loránd University, Columbia University, regarding the impulses influencing a uniquely gifted generation of mostly Jewish Hungarian emigrants. Biological Measures of the Standard of Living North and South of the Border 4:15 pm 6:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 802 Institute of Latin American Studies Lecture: with Prof. Richard Steckel, Distinguished University Professor of Economics, Anthropology and History at Ohio State University. When China Met Africa and The Colony 6:00 pm 8:00 pm Studio X 180 Varick Street New York, NY 10014 Committee on Global Thought Film screening / Discussion including two films that examine Chinese investment in Africa Register Stories of Stigma, Stories of Strength: Ethnographic Oral History with Sanitation Workers in New York City 6:00 pm 8:00 pm Schermerhorn, Room 754 Oral History Master of Arts Program Lecture with Robin Nagle. She will present her ethnographic work for her forthcoming book Picking Up. QMSS Seminar: Sexual Networks and HIV Transmission in a High-Prevalence Setting: Evidence from a Sociocentric Study 6:30 pm 8:30 pm Hamilton Hall, Room 503 Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Seminar with Stephane Helleringer, Mailman School of Public Health Friday, December 3, 2010 Afghanistan: Prospects for Peace 9:00 am 5:30 pm Kellogg Center, International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies Sixth Annual Arnold A. Saltzman Forum Register From a Raindrop to a Stream Pebble to a Delta: Recent Research on Predictive Modeling 3:00 pm 4:00 pm Seeley W. Mudd Building, Room 833 Earth Institute Lecture with Efi Foufoula-Georgiou, Distinguished McKnight University Professor, Director of the National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics, University of Minnesota Register Asia in Africa: New Connections in Historical Perspective 3:00 pm 5:00 pm Davis Auditorium, Schapiro Center Committee on Global Thought Discussion Panel with Howard French, Deborah Brautigam, Abdoulie Janneh, and Wang Hongyi Register Saturday, December 4, 2010 The International Criminal Court in Motion An Analysis of its Seven Years of Activities and Perspectives with Dr. Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Prosecutor, International Criminal Court 4:00 pm 5:30 pm International Affairs Building Room 1501 Center for International Conflict Resolution Lecture with Dr. Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The talk will be followed by a discussion moderated by Mr. Jean-Marie Guéhenno, Director of the Center for International Conflict Resolution. Register Sunday, December 5, 2010 Toxica Simulation 9:30 am 6:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 CRWG and LASA Simulation allowing participants to engage in a negotiation, observed by negotiation practitioners. Space is limited, RSVP required. Please email Toxica2010@gmail.com. UPCOMING EVENTS Monday, December 6, 2010 From Three-Legged to Two-Legged Races The Emergence of Womens Competitive Sports in Japan (1910s-20s) 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 918 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture with Robin Kietlinski, Adjunct Assistant Professor of History, Baruch College; Visiting Researcher, Weatherhead East Asian Institute. Monday, December 6 â€" Distinguished Lecturer Series Southern Buddhism: Tracing Later Buddhist Art in South India 4:00 pm 5:30 pm Knox Hall, Room 208 Southern Asian Institute Distinguished Lecturer Series with John Guy, Metropolitan Museum of Art Innovating for Development: A Thought Leadership Forum from the Journal of International Affairs 6:30 pm 8:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 School of International and Public Affairs Forum moderated by Steven Cohen, Executive Director, Earth Institute, about how innovation is driving the agenda for sustainable development, climate change, natural resource use and energy policy. Register Thursday, December 9, 2010 U.S. Rapprochement with Indonesia From Problem State to Partner 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 918 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture with Ann Marie Murphy, Associate Professor, School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Seton Hall University; Adjunct Research Scholar, Weatherhead East Asian Institute. Thursday, December 9, 2010 Transforming Humiliation and Violent Conflict Workshop 5:00 pm 8:00 pm Columbia University, Teachers College Campus, 525 West 120th Street, Grace Dodge Hall, Room 179 Earth Institute Lecture Thursday, December 9, 2010 QMSS Seminar: Political Conditions for Diffusion? Anti-Corporate Movements and the Spread of Cooperatives in America Capitalism 6:30 pm 8:30 pm Hamilton Hall, Room 503 Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Lecture with Marc Schneiberg, Queens College Department of Sociology Monday, December 13, 2010 Post-Cancun Debriefing 12:00 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1512 The Columbia-Paris Alliance Program and the Sustainable Development Doctoral Society Seminar on the climate change negotiations in Cancun, with Scott Barett, Lenfest-Earth Institute Professor of Natural Resource Economics and Laurence Tubiana, Alliance Visiting Professor at Columbia From Wednesday, January 12, 2011 through Friday, January 14, 2011 SIPA Students Only: 35th Annual Washington, DC Career Conference All Day Event Washington, DC Office of Career Services, School of International and Public Affairs 35th Annual Washington, DC Career Conference, a three-day event consisting of 20 panels, employer site visits, networking reception and a day of informational interviews. For further information regarding this event, please contact Joe Musso at sipa.dc.conference@columbia.edu. Register

“Earthseed” Reinscribing the Body in Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Sower - Literature Essay Samples

In an interview conducted by Marilyn Mehaffy and AnaLouise Keating, Octavia Butler was prompted to discuss the importance of bodily inscription in writing, to which she replies that the body is â€Å"all we really know that we have†¦all we really know that we have is the flesh.†(Mehaffy and Keating, 59) Butler’s concern in salvaging the â€Å"flesh† through writing is a persistent theme in her novel, Parable of the Sower. It chronicles protagonist Lauren Olamina, as she leads a community of individuals up the Pacific Coast while writing and teaching a religion based on the acceptance of change and difference as God. Lauren authors Earthseed: The Books of the Living, through short, philosophical passages that are dispersed throughout the novel; â€Å"I wrote, fleshing out my journal notes,†(Butler, 216) narrates Laura, as her writing encompasses both the female mind and body. Earthseed, the fictitious religion introduced by Butler, encapsulates a disco urse that is innately female; this concept of â€Å"fleshing† and the epistolary style that Butler utilizes are simultaneously compatible with Helene Cixous’ manifesto for ecriture feminine, â€Å"The Laugh of the Medusa, an exhortation to a â€Å"feminine mode† of writing. The narrative embodiments of Butler’s fiction advocate a spiritual reclamation of â€Å"flesh† as a primary site and signifier of knowledge and communication, both personal, as Lauren’s journals suggest, and collective, as her doctrine function to socially congregate her followers; both material and narrated. Butler acknowledges the exploitative narrative uses of what she labels, â€Å"body knowledge,† which does not necessarily or literally entail renouncing the flesh, but, rather, reinventing and reassembling it within an ethics for survival.Parable of the Sower is in essence an analogy drawn between the cultivation of Earthseed, which Lauren applies fastidiousl y to her experience, and the grand narratives of Christianity and Capitalism, which are rigorously applied to our own. Each is a manner of giving form and significance to existence in the same way as narrative itself tends towards a similar ‘fictitious’ ordering of experience. Butler positions herself in this analogy through the act of ‘writing’ herself into the SF literary economy and giving agency to the underrated female voice in that economy. Thus, Butler alludes to a conceivable reality but at the same time contests the validity of the forms we use to give shape to it.Helene Cixous aimed at rendering literal the figures of femininity in the theory of à ©criture and exploring the consequences of that lateralization. She did not simply privilege the â€Å"female† half of an existing binary opposition between â€Å"male† and â€Å"female†; like other theorists of à ©criture, she questioned the very adequacy of logics to name the com plexity of cultural realities. Her essay opens didactically, as she instructs female writers to inscribe themselves into text:Woman must write herself: must write about women and bring women to writing, from which they have been driven away as violently as from their bodies—for the same reasons, by the same law, with the same fatal goal. Woman must put herself into the text—as into the world and into history—by her own movement. (Cixous, 1942) The act of a woman â€Å"writing† herself is applicable in both a fictional sense and an authorial sense; while Butler utilizes her novel as a platform for female activity and empowerment, Lauren, in a metafictional sense, designates her own writing as a platform for her religious teaching. One of her doctrinal passages narrates: â€Å"We are Earthseed. We are flesh—self aware, questing, problem-solving flesh†¦.We are Earthlife maturing, Earthlife preparing to fall away from the parent world.†(But ler, 151) Lauren entitles her creed as â€Å"EARTHSEED: THE BOOKS OF THE LIVING†, which accentuates the corporality associated with the teachings of Earthseed. The passage encapsulates the â€Å"essence† of Earthseed; the pronoun, â€Å"we†, represents the communal aspect of a reinscription of the body into religious doctrine. When Butler’s passage is read in conjunction with Cixous’ proposition, similarities arise: firstly, Butler and Cixous are inherently concerned with community and collective thinking, secondly, both consider the oppressive context in which they are writing. Cixous acknowledges the patriarchal dominating force that has plagued her literary space, as she is â€Å"driven violently away from the body†; whereas, Lauren constitutes Earthseed as a deviation from the â€Å"parent world† that has ravaged her own community.The concept of à ©criture describes everything about writing that can neither be subsumed into an id ea nor made to correspond exactly to empirical reality. It encompasses the â€Å"textuality† of all discourses, and Helene Cixous can be credited as responsible for discourse inherently unique to women. Cixous does not privilege the â€Å"female† half of an existing binary opposition between â€Å"male† and â€Å"female†; much like her contemporary theorists of ecriture, she questions the adequacy of said opposition to label the complexity of cultural realities. Cixous mitigates this opposition in the following excerpt:I maintain unequivocally that there is a such thing as marked writing: that, until now, far more extensively and repressively than is ever suspected or admitted, writing has been run by a libidinal and cultural and cultural—hence political, typically masculine—economy†¦(Cixous, 1945) It becomes evident that an inconsistency lies at the core of Cixous’ work: her insistence on the two incompatible logics within ecrit ure feminine. Primarily, Cixous claims that à ©criture feminine is characterized by the explicitly female body parts that had been repressed by traditional discourse, and must be expressed by the woman writer. However, she also promotes the use of ecriture feminine for both men and women. It is perhaps more appropriate to interpret Cixous’ â€Å"body†, as that of any transgressive or desiring individual; it is conceivably her interpretation of the body itself, that has been repressed. The â€Å"body† may not even be a physical body, but rather figurative bodies that possess power or cannot possess power. Traditionally, power, authority, and law have conjectured the male body; but, in consideration that no actual body is represented, both men and women would have access to comment on the body. By writing as if the female body could be asserted, Cixous’ ecriture feminine frees it from invisibility and, simultaneously, does not make it into a new model for the universal human being. The new opposition is not between male and female, but between a logic of the One and a logic of heterogeneity and multiplicity.Considering Cixous’ contemplation of â€Å"oneness† and â€Å"multiplicity†, Lauren’s Earthseed can be analyzed through this dichotomy. In regards to community, Lauren writes the narrative of Earthseed as follows: â€Å"Civilization is to groups what intelligence is to individuals. It is a means of combining the intelligence of many to achieve ongoing group adaptation.†(Butler, 101) Earthseed hinges on the necessity for collective support; communal participation, as in most doctrines, is necessary for the maintenance and survival of the discipline. Lauren, by inscribing corporeality into her dogma, enables the spiritual process to be applicable to any body. Her narrative explicates:Earthseed. I am Earthseed. Anyone can be. Someday. I think there will be a lot of us. And I think we’ll have to seed ourselves farther and farther from this dying place†¦I’ve never felt that it was anything other than real: discovery rather than invention, exploration rather than creation.(Butler, 78)Earthseed is inherently malleable, though not vulnerable to manipulation. Lauren is resistant to the patriarchy that prevails in her community, to which she refers as â€Å" a dying place.† Lauren’s language is not demanding or didactic, rather, as Cixous theorizes, â€Å"Her, (women in general) language does not contain, it carries; it does not hold back, it makes possible.†(Cixous 1955) These ramifications on language resonate with Cixous, as Lauren characterizes her religious discourse as a means for â€Å"discovery rather than invention, exploration rather than creation.† Followers of Earthseed, according to Lauren, are already implicated as both agents and objects in the spiritual hierarchy that saturates her community.Regarding the function of reli gion in the secular literary space, Butler, in the interview, comments on the function of Earthseed: â€Å"Lauren uses religion as a tool. So I use that tool as something that she can use to help people who follow her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Mehaffy and Keating, 62) Butler utilizes, to her advantage, the metafictional conventions of SF; Butler situates Lauren as a vehicle to deliver the material of Earthseed, in order to showcase her own spiritual and literary agenda. Gregory Jerome Hampton, in his publication, Changing Bodies in the Fiction of Octavia Butler: Slaves, Aliens and Vampires, examines the significance of religious doctrine and the â€Å"body,† in Butler’s fiction, wherein he states: Religion is a tool intended to critique the real world in the unbounded laboratories of our imaginations†¦By mixing SF with religious themes, Butler’s fiction encourages readers to question social values that mark marginalized bodies. (Hampton, 84)In the context of Laurenâ⠂¬â„¢s religious writings, and by extension, Butler’s contribution to SF, it is apparent that the novel Lauren, as both the architect and advocate for Earthseed, must rhetorically advertise her doctrine in a way that persuades her follows of thinking beyond the â€Å"parent world†. The epistolary style that structures Butler’s novel enables the narrative to embody both Lauren’s thought processes and the doctrinal material, rendering them accessible only to the reader. It is assumed that minor characters are not given the same insight, which provokes such dialogues as the one that occurs between Lauren and Harry. Harry is skeptical of Lauren’s religious fabrication, but more significantly, of her own identity:Then let me read something. Let me know something about the you that hides. I feel as though†¦as though you’re a lie. I don’t know you. Show me something of you that’s real. (Butler, 195)Harry, in requesting to read La uren’s journal, assumes that Lauren’s identity â€Å"hides†, or is encoded in her writing. Identity, or â€Å"truth† as Harry suggests through classifying Lauren as a â€Å"lie†, is revealed in the embodiment of writing; Cixous asserts this inscription of â€Å"truth† when she argues â€Å"by writing herself, woman will return to the body which has been more than confiscated from her, which has been turned into the uncanny stranger on display.†(Cixous, 1946) Butler herself, in the interview, affirms the correlation between inscription, body, and perceivable identity:One’s body can only be known through language or some other medium of representation. The body, is a thing, in other words, which only language and narrative can bring to life and make known to ourselves or to others. (Mehaffy and Keating, 59)Essentially, literary composition alleviates the display of â€Å"strangeness, or uncanniness† that outsiders, such as Harry, perceive. Lauren’s physical body and presence cannot be properly or accurately comprehended as â€Å"real†, and sequentially, identity remains obscured; narrative embodies that which is â€Å"real†, and for Lauren, it is quintessential in preserving and advancing Earthseed. The â€Å"libidinal economy† that Cixous positions in opposition to female writing refers to the system of exchanges having to do with sexual desire, which it is predominantly characterized as inherently masculine, to the extent that it is active, not passive; consequently, only one desire can function at a time. This type of economy can be applied to various social systems, such as the literary economy in which Butler is writing, or the clerical economy that pervades Lauren’s gated community in Los Angeles. Cixous elucidates the privileging of masculinity in such economies:Sexual opposition, which has always worked for man’s profit to the point of reducing writin g, too, to his laws, is only a historico-cultural limit. There is, there will be more and more rapidly pervasive now, a fiction that produces irreducible effects of femininity. (Cixous, 1949)Lauren operates under similar circumstances before departing north, as her community, particularly females, experience oppression under Richard Moss’ religious movement:Richard Moss has put together his own religion—a combination of the Old Testament and historical West African practices. He claims that God wants men to be patriarchs, rulers and protectors of women, and fathers of as many children as possible. (Butler, 36)Moss possesses authority in the â€Å"libidinal economy† precisely because he is a male; his religion is dependent on the â€Å"dying†, â€Å"parent world† concepts that Lauren innately opposes, and subsists in the â€Å"historico-cultural limit† of West African practices. Likewise, Lauren opposes conventional presidency that permeates her depleting society; she complains that, â€Å"Donner’s just a kind of human bannister†¦like a symbol of the past for us to hold onto as we’re pushed into the future. He’s nothing. No substance.†(Butler, 56) Male influence and agency, though unethical and socially unproductive, take precedence in the political systems that structure the novel. Lauren’s opposition is provoked in two ways; firstly, her religious discovery is futuristic, flexible and progressive, and secondly, because the masculine corporeality is absent. The male body does not require representation in a patriarchal space because it is innately superior, whereas, the female body relies on narrative embodiment for representation and tangible recognition.Earthseed, initially, features a â€Å"genderless† God; rather, a God that symbolizes change, discovery and self-reflexivity. Lauren claims â€Å"Earthseed deals with ongoing reality, not with supernatural authority figu res.†(Butler, 219)Whether conscious or not, she disregards the gender construction that frequently accompanies religious figures and focuses on an applicable version of God that any follower can relate to. In conversing with fellow travellers, Zahra and Natividad, Lauren is disconcerted with the question regarding a â€Å"gendered† God: Zahra and Natividad got into an argument about whether I was talking about a male god or a female god. When I pointed out that Change had no sex at all and wasn’t a person, they were confused, but not dismissive. (Butler, 220)Lauren regards â€Å"Change† as sexless because it is dependent on a â€Å"body†, whether female or male, to flourish. Change is motivated by a concept Butler introduces as â€Å"body-knowledge†; the supposition that social and political relations can potentially undergo a de-hierarchization, or re-hierarchization based on genetics. Butler accounts for this conception in her interview:Wh at’s made of genetics—body knowledge—is what’s important. What’s made of biology is what the people who are in power are going to figure out why this is a good reason for them to stay in power.(Mehaffy and Keating, 58)Butler theorizes on â€Å"body-knowledge† because it encapsulates the current status of social and political structures, both in the SF literary economy and the economy of the novel, and this realization enables female writers to speech. Butler also contends with â€Å"the science that makes sociological connections†; she questions: â€Å"Consider the fact that women are better with verbal skills: why isn’t the popular perception, then, that they would make better diplomats?†(Mehaffy and Keating, 58) The contention arises because â€Å"body-knowledge† is essentially a paradox; it oppresses the inferior gender, or population, while the realization of the oppression enables them to recognize their bodi es and experience movement through the hierarchy. Hampton, in reference to the religious content of the novel, also comments on the necessity for corporeality:What’s made of genetics—body knowledge—is what’s important. What’s made of biology is what the people who are in power are going to figure out why this is a good reason for them to stay in power.(Mehaffy and Keating, 58)Lauren’s interpretation of God, possessing no shape and every shape, no gender and every gender, is not the rigid and strictly dogmatic God that authorizes other religions. God, for Lauren, is like â€Å"body-knowledge† for Butler; both give manner and form to an ordering of experience, particularly repressive experience. In the dystopian situation, every â€Å"body† is oppressed and seeks an instrument or tool for fermenting identity and agency; Earthseed and SF are the narratives by which Lauren and Butler render a legitimate â€Å"voice† in their corresponding â€Å"libidinal economies†.The narrative embodiments of Butler’s fiction sanction a spiritual reclamation of â€Å"flesh† as a fundamental site and signifier of knowledge and communication, both personal, as Lauren’s epistolary style suggests, and collective, as her doctrine function to socially congregate her followers; both material and narrated. Butler acknowledges the exploitative narrative uses of what she labels, â€Å"body knowledge,† which does not necessarily or literally entail renouncing the flesh, but, rather, reinventing and reassembling it within an ethics for survival. Earthseed, the fictional, theological verse that Lauren Olamina commits to writing over the course of Butler’s novel, is an appropriate candidate for the ideas that Cixous introduces in her essay. The theory is compatible with Earthseed in terms of intention and text content; Lauren is a woman who â€Å"fleshes† her emotions into her journa l and into passages of Earthseed, producing a document that is innately â€Å"feminine† and engages in inherently female ideologies. Parable of the Sower is in essence, an analogy drawn between the cultivation of Earthseed, which Lauren applies fastidiously to her experience, and the grand narratives of Christianity and Capitalism, which are rigorously applied to our own. Each is a manner of giving form and significance to existence in the same way as narrative itself tends towards a similar ‘fictitious’ ordering of experience. Butler positions herself in this analogy through the act of ‘writing’ herself into the literary economy and giving agency to the underrated female voice in that economy. Thus, Butler alludes to a conceivable reality but at the same time contests the validity of the forms we use to give shape to it.Works CitedButler, Octavia E. Parable of the Sower. New York: Grand Central, 1993. Print.Butler, Octavia, Marilyn Mehaffy, and AnaL ouise Keating. Radio Imagination: Octavia Butler on the Poetics of Narrative Embodiment. MELUS 26.1 (2001): 45-76. JSTOR. Web. 4 Apr. 2013.Cixous, Helene. The Laugh of the Medusa. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 2010. 1942-959. Print.Hampton, Gregory Jerome. Religious Science Fiction: Butlers Changing God.Changing Bodies in the Fiction of Octavia Butler: Slaves, Aliens, and Vampires. Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2010. 83-98. Print.